第四十一课　虚拟语气（一）

一.本课要点及示例

在这一课里, 我们学习用助动词 should 和 could 加上 have再加上动词的过去 分词作句子来表示跟过去事实相反的情况, 比方 "你昨天不应该开他的车." You shouldn't have driven his car yesterday. 或是"我本来可以到超级市场去." I could have gone to the supermarket. 我们还要学习用助动词 might 或是 must 加上 have 和动词的过去分词来表示猜测过去发生的事情, 比方 "他昨天可能 说了." He might have said it yesterday. 或是 "他昨天一定到过这儿了." He must have been here yesterday.

现在我们还是先听一段对话,内容是说玛丽和彼得到饭馆去吃饭, 结果彼得肚 子不舒服. 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调.

M: Mary, I don't feel too well. I have a stomach ache.

F: Well, you shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.

M: I didn't have that much. Besides it might have been something else that I ate.

F: What else did you eat?

M: I had a salad. Something in the salad could have upset my stomach.

F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of dressing did you have on your salad?

M: Just oil and vinegar.

F: Then I don't think it was the salad. It must have been the pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel better soon.

M: Thanks, I think I'll lie down for a while.

现在老师再用慢速度把整段对话念一遍给你听.

M: Mary, I don't feel too well. I have a stomach ache.

F: Well, you shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.

M: I didn't have that much. Besides it might have been something else that I ate.

F: What else did you eat?

M: I had a salad. Something in the salad could have upset my stomach.

F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of dressing did you have on your salad?

M: Just oil and vinegar.

F: Then I don't think it was the salad. It must have been the pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel better soon.

M: Thanks, I think I'll lie down for a while.

现在我把对话里包含了今天要学的语法的句子挑出来,请英文老师再念一遍 给你听.

F: You shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.

M: It might have been something else that I ate.

M: Something in the salad could have upset my stomach.

F: It must have been the pizza.

二.SHOULDN'T HAVE

现在我们开始作练习首先我们练习 shouldn't have 加上动词过去分词的用法.

以前我们学过怎么用 shouldn't 劝人不应该作某件事情. 比方有个朋友在公共 汽车上抽烟,你看见了就告诉他: "你不应该在公共汽车上 抽烟." You shouldn't smoke on a bus. 如果你的朋友告诉你, 他昨天在公共汽车上抽了烟, 你认为他 昨天不应该抽, 你就说: You shouldn't have smoked on a bus.

现在我们作第一组练习,学学怎么表示不赞同别人过去作的事情. 在这组练习 里你还可以学到一些跟快速食品有关系的词汇, 比方 "牛肉饼店"a hamburger joint, "乳酪牛肉饼" cheeseburger, "意大利馅饼店" a pizza parlor 等等. 练习 的作法是彼得说出一些过去时态句子, 比方: " 我去了一家快餐店, 在那儿吃 了一个烤牛肉三明治." I went to a fast food restaurant. I had a roastbeef sandwich there. 请你用 shouldn't have 加上动词过去分词把句子改成 You shouldn't have had a roastbeef sandwich there. 每作完一句, 老师就会把正 确答案念一遍给你听.

M: I went to a fast food restaurant, I had a roastbeef sandwich there.

F: You shouldn't have had a roastbeef sandwich there.

M: I went to a hamburger joint. I ate a cheeseburger there.

F: You shouldn't have eaten a cheeseburger there.

M: I went to a pizza parlor. I ate 3 pieces of pizza there.

F: You shouldn't have eaten 3 pieces of pizza there.

M: I ate so much.

F: You shouldn't have eaten so much.

M: I had a big meal.

F: You shouldn't have had such a big meal.

下面我们用代换方式练习怎么劝别人在过去应该作某件事. 练习的内容都是 说到彼得告诉玛丽他在前一天晚上吃多了肚子疼之后,玛丽劝彼得的话,比方 彼得既然吃饱就不应该再吃, 应该小心的选择食物, 肚子疼就应该看大夫,吃 药, 躺下来休息等等. 练习的作法是玛丽说一句话, 然后老师会念出一个用 过去分词开头的词组, 请你跟玛丽一起把词组代换到原来的句子里.

F: You should have stopped eating when you were full.

M: eaten less

F: You should have eaten less.

M: been more careful about what you ate

F: You should have been more careful about what you ate.

M: chosen the right things to eat

F: You should have chosen the right things to eat.

M: had dinner at home

F: You should have had dinner at home.

M: gone to a doctor

F: You should have gone to a doctor.

M: taken some medicine

F: You should have taken some medicine.

M: lain down and rest

F: You should have lain down and rest.

三.MUST HAVE

下面一组练习是用 must have 加上动词过去分词来表示自己认为过去一定发 生的事情. 比方玛丽听说彼得前一天晚上吃那么多就下结论说:当时你一定觉 得很不舒服; 你肚子疼一定是吃太多, 太快了, 等等.

练习的作法是玛丽说一句话, 然后老师说出一个动词词组请你用动词过去分 词作代换练习. 每作完一个句子, 老师就会念出正确答案给你听.

F: You must have felt sick.

M: feel terrible

F: You must have felt terrible.

M: have an upset stomach

F: You must have had an upset stomach.

M: have too much food

F: You must have had too much food.

M: eat something bad

F: You must have eaten something bad.

M: eat too fast

F: You must have eaten too fast.

四.COULD HAVE BEEN

下面我们作一组练习, 学习用could have been 作句子来揣测过去发生的事情.

比方玛丽听说彼得吃坏了肚子, 就猜测可能是彼得前一天晚上在饭店吃的东 西不干净. 她问彼得许多问题, 彼得都一一的作肯定的答覆.在这组练习里你 可以学到美国快餐店常常有的食物和调味品, 比方 "炸薯条" french fries, "牛